Review of IoT and electronics enabled smart agriculture

Narayan Raosaheb Gatkal, Sachin Madhukar Nalawade, Ramesh Kumar Sahni, Girishkumar Balasaheb Bhanage, Avdhoot Ashok Walunj, Pravin Bhaskar Kadam, Musrrat Ali

Abstract


The population increases at an exponential rate as human society advances, and pollution is increasingly depleting the availability of resources such as water and land. All these problems are thought to require the use of smart agriculture. By reducing chemical fertilizers and pesticides use, smart agriculture could mitigate land pollution and increase the sustainability of agricultural practices while also greatly enhancing the agro-ecological environment, yield, and quality of crops. The steps to make agriculture smart are possible by using data and communication technology, which helps with automatic operation and cultivation. Moreover, advances in wireless communication protocols will bring agriculture to a more intelligent stage. This study provides an overview of IoT technology and its application into the smart agriculture industry to make crop production automatic and intelligent by assessing their architecture (IoT devices, communication technologies, and processing), their applications, and research timelines. The communication protocols that have established uses in agriculture are reviewed first in this article. Various wireless communication protocols such as WiFi, ZigBee, SigFox, LoRa, RFID, NFMI, Terahertz, NB-IoT were summarized and their application in various field were also studied. These protocols in smart agriculture can effectively and efficiently address environmental data, water saving, monitoring animal behavior, accuracy, power efficiency, cost reduction due to low power consumption, accuracy, wide transmission, simple in operation and cost effective. Also, the most common microcontrollers used is Arduino (To develop autonomous machine), Raspberry pi (To store data) and 8-bit microcontroller (Process data). In addition, it is important to take advantage of modern communication technology to enhance crop production. Additionally, it examines the future opportunities and trends for IoT applications in smart agriculture, along with the ongoing challenges and issues that need addressing. Furthermore, this study provides crucial insights and guidance for future research and the development of IoT solutions. These advancements aim to improve agricultural productivity and quality while facilitating the transition to a more sustainable agroecological future.
Keywords: IoT, smart agriculture, microcontroller, sensor, SigFox, LoRa, ZigBee
DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20241705.8496

Citation: Gatkal N R, Nalawade S M, Sahni R K, Bhanage G B, Walunj A A, Kadam P B, et al. Review of IoT and electronics enabled smart agriculture. Int J Agric & Bio Eng, 2024; 17(5): 44-57.

Keywords


IoT, smart agriculture, microcontroller, sensor, SigFox, LoRa, ZigBee

Full Text:

PDF

References


FAO. The future of food and agriculture–Trends and challenges. Annual Report, 2017. Accessed on [2023-10-08].

Singh U, Shekhawat B S. An analysis of productivity of food grains in India. Journal of Critical Reviews. 2020; 7（1）: 1201–1215.

Saravanan A. Singh G, Suganthi S, Perumal P, Kaur A. Comparative studies on indian population using data mining tools. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computing, Communication and Control System, 2021; 2308854. doi: 10.4108/eai.7-6-2021.2308854.

PIB. Ministry of information and broadcasting government of India. RU-56-02-0119-280722/FACTSHEET. 2022. Available: https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jul/doc202272874801.pdf. Accessed on [2023-10-08].

Statista. 2021. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1050967/india-daily-availability-of-food-grains -per-capita/. Accessed on [2023-10-08].

Hunter M C, Smith R G, Schipanski M E, Atwood L W, Mortensen D A. Agriculture in 2050: Recalibrating targets for sustainable intensification. Bioscience, 2017; 67（4）: 386–391.

Said M S S, Ali A M, Borin M, Abd-Elmabod S K, Aldosari A A, Khalil M M N, et al. On the use of multivariate analysis and land evaluation for potential agricultural development of the Northwestern Coast of Egypt. Agronomy, 2020; 10（9）: 1318.

Abdel-Fattah M K, Mohamed E S, Wagdi E M, Shahin S A, Aldosari A A, Lasaponara R, et al. Quantitative evaluation of soil quality using principal component analysis: The case study of El-Fayoum depression Egypt. Sustainability, 2021; 13（4）: 1824.

Nyaga J M, Onyango C M, Wetterlind J, Söderström M. Precision agriculture research in sub-Saharan Africa countries: A systematic map. Precision Agriculture, 2021; 22: 1237–1238.

Bacco M, Barsocchi P, Ferro E, Gotta A, Ruggeri M. The digitisation of agriculture: a survey of research activities on smart farming. Array, 2019; 3-4: 100009.

Ping H, Wang J, Ma Z, Du Y. Mini-review of application of IoT technology in monitoring agricultural products quality and safety. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11（5）: 35–45.

Wang L N, Wang B R. Greenhouse microclimate environment adaptive control based on a wireless sensor network. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13（3）: 64–69.

Swain M, Zimon D, Singh R. LoRa-LBO: An experimental analysis of LoRa link budget optimization in custom build IoT test bed for agriculture 4.0. Agronomy, 2021; 11（5）: 2–24.

Quy V K, Nam V H, Linh D M, Ngoc L A, Gwanggil J. Wireless communication technologies for IoT in 5G: Vision, applications, and challenges. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022; 2022: 3229294.

Elijah O, Rahman T A, Orikumhi I, Leow C Y, Hindia M N. An overview of internet of things （IoT） and data analytics in agriculture: Benefits and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J, 2018; 5（5）: 3758–3773.

Yao S, Feng C, He Y, Zhu S. Application of IOT in agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2011; 7: 190–193. （in Chinese）

Nandyala C S, Kim H K. Green IoT agriculture and healthcare application （GAHA）. International Journal of Smart Home, 2016; 10（4）: 289–300.

Kumar T U, Periasamy A. IoT based smart farming （E-FARM）’S. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics, 2021; 2（4）; 85–87.

Farooq M S, Riaz S, Abid A, Umer T, Zikria Y. Role of IoT technology in agriculture: A systematic literature review. Electronics, 2020; 9（2）: 319.

James A, Saji A, Nair A, Joseph D. Crop Sense–A smart agricultural system using IoT. J. Electron Des. Eng., 2019; 5（3）: 1–7.

Tekinerdogan B. Strategies for technological innovation in agriculture 4.0. Reports; Wageningen University: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2018.

Ferrandez-Pastor F J, Garcia-Chamizo J M, Nieto-Hidalgo M, Mora-Pascual J, MoraMartinez J. Developing ubiquitous sensor network platform using Internet of Things: Application in precision agriculture. Sensors, 2016; 16: 1141.

Wolfert S, Ge L, Verdouw, C, Bogaardt M J. Big data in smart farming: A review. Agric. Syst., 2017; 153: 69–80.

Liakos K G, Busato P, Moshou, D, Pearson, S, Bochtis D. Machine learning in agriculture: A review. Sensors, 2018; 18: 2674.

O’Grady M J, O’Hare G M P. Modelling the smart farm. Inf. Process. Agric, 2017; 4: 179–187.

Pu Y J, Wang S M, Yang F Z, Ehsani R, Zhao L J, Li C S, et al. Recent progress and future prospects for mechanized harvesting of fruit crops with shaking systems. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2023; 16（1）: 1–13.

Haseeb K, Ud Din I, Almogren A, Islam N. An energy efficient and secure IoT-based WSN framework: An application to smart agriculture. Sensors, 2020; 20: 2081.

Farooq M S, Riaz S, Abid A, Abid K, Naeem M A. A survey on the role of IoT in agriculture for the implementation of smart farming. IEEE Access, 2019; 7: 156237–156271.

Feng X, Yan F, Liu X. Study of wireless communication technologies on internet of things for precision agriculture. Wirel. Pers. Commun, 2019; 108: 1785–1802.

Brandle M, Posnicek T, Kellner K. Position estimation of RFID-based sensors using SAW compressive receivers. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2016; 244: 277–284.

Song Y, Yu F R, Zhou L, Yang X, He Z. Applications of the internet of things （IoT） in smart logistics: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Internet Things J, 2021; 8: 4250–4274.

Alam M M, Malik H, Khan M I, Pardy T, Kuusik A, Le Moullec Y A. Survey on the roles of communication technologies in IoT-based personalized healthcare applications. IEEE Access, 2018; 6: 36611–36631.

Lin J, Yu W, Zhang N, Yang X, Zhang H, Zhao W. A survey on internet of things: architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications. IEEE Internet Things J, 2017; 4（5）: 1125–1142.

Chen F, Kissel D E, West L T, Adkin W, Clark R, Rickman D, Luvall J C. Field scale mapping of surface soil clay concentration. Precis. Agric, 2004; 5: 7–26.

Soussi A, Zero E, Sacile R, Trinchero D, Fossa M. Smart Sensors and Smart Data for Precision Agriculture: A Review. Sensors, 2024; 24（8）: 2647.

Wang Y, Fan J, Yu S, Cai S, Guo X, Zhao C. Research advance in phenotype detection robots for agriculture and forestry. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2023; 16（1）: 14–26.

Chettri L, Bera R A. Comprehensive Survey on Internet of Things （IoT） Toward 5G Wireless Systems. IEEE Internet Things J, 2020; 7（1）: 16–32.

Qazi S, Khawaja B A, Farooq Q U. IoT-equipped and AI-enabled next generation smart agriculture: A critical review, current challenges and future trends. IEEE Access, 2022; 10: 21219–21235.

Yavasoglu H A, Unal I, Koksoy A, Gokce K, Tetik Y E. Long-range wireless communication for in-line inspection robot: 2.4 km on-site test. Sustainability, 2023; 15: 8134.

Pal A, Kant K. NFMI: Connectivity for short-range IoT applications. Computer, 2019; 52（2）: 63–67.

IEEE. Standard for long wavelength wireless network protocol. IEEE Std. 2009.1902. 1, IEEE, 2009; pp.1–25,

Kim Y, Evans R G, Iversen W M. Remote sensing and control of an irrigation system using a distributed wireless sensor network. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2008; 57: 1379–1387.

Kim Y, Evans R. Software design for wireless sensor based site-specific irrigation. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2009; 66: 159–165.

Li L, Liu G. Design of greenhouse environment monitoring and controlling system based on Bluetooth technology. Transactions of the CSAM, 2006; 37（10）: 97–100.

Hong G Z, Hsieh C L. Application of integrated control strategy and Bluetooth for irrigating romaine lettuce in greenhouse. IFAC-Papers OnLine, 2016; 49: 381–386.

Elayan H, Amin O, Shubair R M, Alouini M S. Terahertz communication: The opportunities of wireless technology beyond 5G. International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking. 2018; pp.1–5. doi: 10.1109/COMMNET.2018.8360286.

Jawad H M, Nordin R, Gharghan S K, Jawad A M, Ismail M. Energy-efficient wireless sensor networks for precision agriculture: A review. Sensors, 2017; 17: 2–45.

Okba A, Henry D, Takacs A, Aubert H. Autonomous RFID sensor node using a single ISM band for both wireless power transfer and data communication. Sensors, 2019; 19: 3330.

Lin Y G. An intelligent monitoring system for agriculture based on ZigBee wireless sensor networks. In Advanced Materials Research; Trans Tech Publications Ltd., Bäch SZ, Switzerland, 2012; 383: 4358–4364.

Cancela J, Fandiño M, Rey B, Martínez E. Automatic irrigation system based on dual crop coefficient, soil and plant water status for Vitisvini fera （cv Godello and cv Mencía）. Agricultural Water Management, 2015; 151: 52–63.

Bodunde O P, Adie U C, Ikumapayi O M, Akinyoola J O, Aderoba A A. Architectural design and performance evaluation of a ZigBee technology based adaptive sprinkler irrigation robot. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2019; 160: 168–178.

Dasgupta I, Saha J, Venkatasubbu P, Ramasubramanian P. AI crop predictor and weed detector using wireless technologies: A smart application for farmers. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2020; 45（12）: 11115–11127.

Raheemah A, Sabri N, Salim M, Ehkan P, Ahmad R B. New empirical path loss model for wireless sensor networks in mango greenhouses. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2016; 127: 553–560.

Azaza M, Tanougast C, Fabrizio E, Mami A. Smart greenhouse fuzzy logic based control system enhanced with wireless data monitoring. ISA Transactions, 2016; 61: 297–307.

Adame T, Carrascosa-Zamacois M, Bellalta B. Time-sensitive networking in IEEE 802.11 be: On the way to low-latency WiFi 7. Sensors, 2021; 21（15）: 4–20.

Lloret J, Sendra S, García-Fernández J A. WiFi-based sensor network for flood irrigation control in agriculture. Electronics, 2021; 10（20）: 2454.

Ahmed N, De D. Hussain I. Internet of Things （IoT） for smart precision agriculture and farming in rural areas. IEEE Internet Things J, 2018; 5（6）: 4890–4899.

Dadhich S M, Pandey Y, Mehraj N, Mir G M. A review on wireless communication technologies for agriculture. Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development, 2023; 18（3）: 1012-1022.

Cherry S. Edholm’s law of bandwidth. IEEE Spectrum, 2004; 41（7）: 58–60.

Rappaport T S, Xing Y, Kanhere O. Wireless communications and applications above 100 GHz: Opportunities and challenges for 6G and beyond. IEEE Access, 2019; 7: 78729–78757.

Akyildiz I F, Han C, Hu Z. Terahertz band communication: An old problem revisited and research directions for the next decade. IEEE Trans. Commun, 2022; 70（6）: 4250–4285.

Wei X, Li S, Zhu S, Zheng W, Zhou S, Wu W, Xie Z. Quantitative analysis of soybean protein content by terahertz spectroscopy and chemometrics. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 2021; 208: 104199.

Penkov N V, Goltyaev M V, Astashev M E, Serov D A, Moskovskiy M N, Khort D O, et al. The application of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy to identification of potato late blight and fusariosis. Pathogens, 2021; 10: 1336.

Ruiz-Garcia L, Lunadei L. The role of RFID in agriculture: Applications, limitations and challenges. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2011; 79: 42–50.

Vellidis G, Tucker M, Perry C, Kvien C, Bednarz C. A real-time wireless smart sensor array for scheduling irrigation. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2008; 61: 44–50.

Quino J, Maja J M, Robbins J, Fernandez R T, Owen J S, Chappell M. RFID and drones: The next generation of plant inventory. Agricultural Engineerin, 2021; 3: 168–181.

Yang Y. Design and application of intelligent agriculture service system with LoRa-based on wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Computer Engineering and Application （ICCEA）, Wuhan, 2020; pp.712–716. doi: 10.1109/ICCEA50009.2020.00155.

Gil-Lebrero S, Quiles-Latorre F J, Ortiz-López M, Sánchez-Ruiz V, Gámiz-López V, Luna- Rodríguez J J. Honey bee colonies remote monitoring system. Sensors, 2016; 17: 55.

Raza U, Kulkarni P, Sooriyabandara M. Low power wide area networks: An overview. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2017; 19（2）: 855–873.

Morin E, Maman M, Guizzetti R, Duda A. Comparison of the device lifetime in wireless networks for the internet of things. IEEE Access, 2017; 5: 7097–7114.

Lavric A, Petrariu A I, Popa V. Long range SigFox communication protocol scalability analysis under large-scale, high-density conditions. IEEE Access, 2019; 7: 35816–35825.

Mekki K, Bajic E, Chaxel F, Meyer F. A comparative study of LPWAN technologies for large-scale IoT deployment. ICT Express, 2019; 5（1）: 1–7.

Xing C, Li F. Unlicensed spectrum-sharing mechanism based on Wi-Fi security requirements implemented using device to device communication technology. IEEE Access, 2020; 8（1）: 135025–135036.

Jiang X, Zhang H, Yi E A B, Raghunathan N, Mousoulis C, Chaterji S, et al. Hybrid low-power wide-area mesh network for IoT applications. IEEE Internet Things J, 2021; 8（2）: 901–915.

Razavieh A, Chen Y, Ethirajan T, Gu M, Cimino S, Shimizu T, et al. Extremely-low threshold voltage FinFET for 5G mmWave applications. IEEE J. Electron Devices Soc., 2021; 9: 165–169.

Patriciello N, Lagén S, Bojovi´C B, Giupponi L. NR-U and IEEE 802.11 technologies coexistence in unlicensed mmWave spectrum: Models and evaluation. IEEE Access, 2020; 8: 71254–71271.

Mezzavilla M, Polese M, Zanella A, Dhananjay A, Rangan S, Kessler C, et al. Public safety communications above 6 GHz: Challenges and opportunities. IEEE Access, 2018; 6: 316–329.

Kassim M R M. IoT applications in smart agriculture: Issues and challenges. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Open Systems （ICOS）, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, Nov. 17–19, 2020; pp.19–24. doi: 10.1109/ICOS50156.2020.9293672.

Quy V K, Hau N V, Anh D V, Quy N M, Ban N T, Lanza S, et al. IoT-enabled smart agriculture: architecture, applications, and challenges. Applied Sciences, 2020; 12: 2–19.

Patel S, Park H, Bonato P, Chan L, Rodgers M. A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2012; 9（1）: 21.

Li D, Liu C, Du Y, Han X. Artificial intelligence with uncertainty. J. Softw, 2004; 15: 1583–1594.

Misra D, Das G, Chakrabortty T, Das D. An IoT-based Waste Management System Monitored by Cloud. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag, 2018; 20: 1574–1582.

Jang J, Jung I Y, Park J H. An effective handling of secure data stream in IoT. Appl. Soft Comput, 2018; 68: 811–820.

Chien T, Chiou L, Sheu S, Lin J, Lee C, Ku T. Low-power MCU with embedded ReRAM buffers as sensor hub for IoT applications. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst, 2016; 6: 247–257.

Gurung B, Gurung A, Pokhrel A. Arduino driven sensor networked smart farming system. International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2022; 9（5）: 25.

Akter S, Mahanta P K, Mim M H, Hasan M R, Ahmed R U, Billah M M. Developing a smart irrigation system using Arduino. International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2018; 6（1）: 31–39.

Rivas-Sánchez Y A, Moreno-Pérez M F, Roldán-Cañas J. Environment control with low-cost microcontrollers and microprocessors: application for green walls. Sustainability, 2019; 11: 2–17.

Sangjan W, Carter A H, Pumphrey M O, Jitkov V, Sankaran S. Development of a raspberry pi-based sensor system for automated in-field monitoring to support crop breeding programs. Inventions, 2021; 6（2）: 42.

Dobrojevic M, Bacanin N. IoT as a backbone of intelligent homestead automation. Electronics, 2022; 11: 1004.

Seo H, Kwon H, Kwon Y, Kim K, Choi S, Kim H, Jang K. AST number theoretic transform for ring-lwe on 8-bit AVR embedded processor. Sensors, 2020; 20: 2–16.

Kim Y, Kwon H, An S, Seo H, Seo S C. Efficient Implementation of ARX-Based Block Ciphers on 8-Bit AVR Microcontrollers. Mathematics, 2020; 8: 2–4.

Sengupta A, Debnath B, Das A, De D. FarmFox: A quad-sensor based IoT box for precision agriculture. IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag, 2021; 10: 63–68.

Ghandar A, Ahmed A, Zulfiqar S, Hua Z, Hanai M, Theodoropoulos G. A decision support system for urban agriculture using digital twin: A case study with aquaponics. IEEE Access, 2021; 9: 35691–35708.

Essa S, Petra R, Uddin M R, Suhaili W S H, Ilmi N I. IoT-based environmental monitoring system for brunei peat swamp forest. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Computer Science and Its Application in Agriculture （ICOSICA）, Bogor, Indonesia, Sept. 16–17, 2020; pp.1–5. doi: 10.1109/ICOSICA49951.2020.9243279.

Yang Y, Ren R, Johnson P M. VetLink: A livestock disease-management system. IEEE Potentials, 2020; 39（2）: 28–34.

Ma S, Yao Q, Masuda T, Higaki S, Yoshioka K, Arai S, et al. Development of noncontact body temperature monitoring and prediction system for livestock cattle. IEEE Sens. J, 2021; 21（7）: 9367–9376.

Lee G, Kim M, Koroki K, Ishimoto A, Sakamoto S H, Ieiri S. Wireless IC tag based monitoring system for individual pigs in pig farm. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 1st Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies （LifeTech）, Osaka, Japan. 12–14 March 2019: 168–170.

Tradigo G, Vizza P, Veltri P, Lambardi P, Caligiuri F M, Caligiuri G, et al. SISTABENE: An information system for the traceability of agricultural food production. In: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine （BIBM）, San Diego, CA, USA, 2019; pp.2304–2309. doi: 10.1109/BIBM47256.2019.8983039.

Wang L, Xu L, Zheng Z, Liu S, Li X, Cao L, Li J, Sun C. Smart contract-based agricultural food supply chain traceability. IEEE Access, 2021; 9: 9296–9307.

Kong S, López-Salcedo J A, Wu Y, Kim E. IEEE Access Special Section Editorial: GNSS, Localization, and navigation technologies. IEEE Access, 2019; 7: 131649–131652.

Kim J, Kim S, Ju C, Son H I. Unmanned aerial vehicles in agriculture: A Review of perspective of platform, control, and applications. IEEE Access, 2019; 7: 105100–105115.

Zhou K, Meng Z, He M, Hou J, Li T. Design and Test of a Sorting Device Based on Machine Vision. IEEE Access, 2020; 8: 27178–27187.

Kurtser P, Ringdahl O, Rotstein N, Berenstein R, Edan Y. In-field grape cluster size assessment for vine yield estimation using a mobile robot and a consumer level RGB-D camera. IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett, 2020; 5（2）: 2031–2038.

Ji Y H, Jiang Y Q, Li T, Zhang M, Sha S, Li M Z. An improved method for prediction of tomato photosynthetic rate based on WSN in greenhouse. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9（1）: 146–152.

Chen Y, Shi Y L, Wang Z Y, Huang L. Connectivity of wireless sensor networks for plant growth in greenhouse. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2016; 9（1）: 89–98.

Tripathy P K, Tripathy A K, Agarwal A, Mohanty S P. MyGreen: An IoT-enabled smart greenhouse for sustainable agriculture. IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag., 2021; 10（4）: 57–62.

Geng X, Zhang Q, Wei Q, Zhang T, Cai Y, Liang Y, Sun X. A Mobile Greenhouse Environment Monitoring System Based on the Internet of Things. IEEE Access, 2019; 7: 135832–135844.

Fei X, Xiao W, Yong X. Development of Energy Saving and Rapid Temperature Control Technology for Intelligent Greenhouses. IEEE Access, 2021; 9: 29677–29685.

Subahi A F, Bouazza K E. An Intelligent IoT-Based System Design for Controlling and Monitoring Greenhouse Temperature. IEEE Access, 2020; 8: 125488–125500.

Turgut D, Boloni L. Value of Information and Cost of Privacy in the Internet of Things. IEEE Commun. Mag., 2017; 55（9）: 62–66.

De Lima C, Belot D, Berkvens R, Bourdoux A, Dardari D, Guillaud M, Isomursu M, Lohan E S, Miao Y, Barreto A N. Convergent communication, sensing and localization in 6G systems: An overview of technologies, opportunities and challenges. IEEE Access, 2021; 9: 26902–26925.

Sandal Y S, Pusane A E, Kurt G K, Benedetto F. Reputation based attacker identification policy for multi-access edge computing in internet of things. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol, 2020; 69（12）: 15346–15356.

Agrawal N, Tapaswi S. Defense Mechanisms against DDoS attacks in a cloud computing environment: State-of-the-art and research challenges. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor, 2019; 21（4）: 3769–3795.

Neshenko N, Bou-Harb E, Crichigno J, Kaddoum G, Ghani N. Demystifying IoT security: An exhaustive survey on IoT vulnerabilities and a first empirical look on internet-scale IoT exploitations. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor, 2019; 21（3）: 2702–2733.

Chaterji S, DeLay N, Evans J, Mosier N, Engel B, Buckmaster D, Ladisch M R, Chandra, R. Lattice: A vision for machine learning, data engineering, and policy considerations for digital agriculture at scale. IEEE Open J. Comput. Soc, 2021; 2（2）: 227–240.

Ballal K D, Dittmann L, Ruepp S, Petersen M N, IoT devices reliability study: Multi-RAT communication. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 6th World Forum on Internet of Things （WF-IoT）, New Orleans, LA, USA, 2020; pp.1–2. doi: 10.1109/WF-IoT48130.2020.9221163.

PIB, Internet of things and artificial intelligence in agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1885193. Accessed on [2024-08-14].




Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2023-2026 Copyright IJABE Editing and Publishing Office